Matter Inheritance Symmetries of Spherically Symmetric Static Spacetimes

In this paper we discuss matter inheritance collineations by giving a complete classification of spherically symmetric static spacetimes by their matter inheritance symmetries. It is shown that when the energy-momentum tensor is degenerate, most of the cases yield infinite dimensional matter inheriting symmetries. It is worth mentioning here that two cases provide finite dimensional matter inheriting vectors even for the degenerate case. The non-degenerate case provides finite dimensional matter inheriting symmetries. We obtain different constraints on the energy-momentum tensor in each case. It is interesting to note that if the inheriting factor vanishes, matter inheriting collineations reduce to be matter collineations already available in the literature. This idea of matter inheritance collineations turn out to be the same as homotheties and conformal Killing vectors are for the metric tensor.Comment: 15 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. of Mod. Phys.

Behavior of Time-varying Constants in Relativity

In this paper, we consider Bianchi type III and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes and discuss the behavior of time-varying constants $G$ and $\Lambda$ by using two symmetric techniques, namely, kinematic self-similarity and matter collineation. In the kinematic self-similarity technique, we investigate the behavior of the first and the second kinds. In the matter collineation technique, we consider usual, modified, and completely modified matter collineation equations while studying the behavior of these constants. Further, we reduce the results for dust, radiation, and stiff fluids. We find that $\Lambda$ is a decreasing time function while $G$ is an increasing time function. This corresponds to the earlier results available in the literature for other spacetimes. Further, we find that the deceleration parameter attains a negative value, which shows that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.Comment: 24 pages, accepted for publication in J. Korean Physical Societ

Plasma Wave Properties of the Schwarzschild Magnetosphere in a Veselago Medium

We re-formulate the 3+1 GRMHD equations for the Schwarzschild black hole in a Veselago medium. Linear perturbation in rotating (non-magnetized and magnetized) plasma is introduced and their Fourier analysis is considered. We discuss wave properties with the help of wave vector, refractive index and change in refractive index in the form of graphs. It is concluded that some waves move away from the event horizon in this unusual medium. We conclude that for the rotating non-magnetized plasma, our results confirm the presence of Veselago medium while the rotating magnetized plasma does not provide any evidence for this medium.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophys. Space Sc

A survey on cyber security for smart grid communications

A smart grid is a new form of electricity network with high fidelity power-flow control, self-healing, and energy reliability and energy security using digital communications and control technology. To upgrade an existing power grid into a smart grid, it requires significant dependence on intelligent and secure communication infrastructures. It requires security frameworks for distributed communications, pervasive computing and sensing technologies in smart grid. However, as many of the communication technologies currently recommended to use by a smart grid is vulnerable in cyber security, it could lead to unreliable system operations, causing unnecessary expenditure, even consequential disaster to both utilities and consumers. In this paper, we summarize the cyber security requirements and the possible vulnerabilities in smart grid communications and survey the current solutions on cyber security for smart grid communications. © 2012 IEEE

On the peak-to-average power of OFDM signals based on oversampling

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) introduces large amplitude variations in time, which can result in significant signal distortion in the presence of nonlinear amplifiers. We introduce a new bound for the peak of the continuous envelope of an OFDM signal, based on the maximum of its corresponding oversampled sequence; it is shown to be very tight as the oversampling rate increases. The bound is then used to derive a closed-form probability upper bound for the complementary cumulative distribution function of the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio of uncoded OFDM signals for sufficiently large numbers of subcarriers. As another application of the bound for oversampled sequences, we propose tight relative error bounds for computation of the peak power using two main methods: the oversampled inverse fast Fourier transform and the method introduced for coded systems based on minimum distance decoding of the code

Dynamics of Non-adiabatic Charged Cylindrical Gravitational Collapse

This paper is devoted to study the dynamics of gravitational collapse in the Misner and Sharp formalism. We take non-viscous heat conducting charged anisotropic fluid as a collapsing matter with cylindrical symmetry. The dynamical equations are derived and coupled with the transport equation for heat flux obtained from the M$\ddot{u}$ller-Israel-Stewart causal thermodynamic theory. We discuss the role of anisotropy, electric charge and radial heat flux over the dynamics of the collapse with the help of coupled equation.Comment: 15 pages, accepted for publication in Astrophys. Space Sc

Timelike and Spacelike Matter Inheritance Vectors in Specific Forms of Energy-Momentum Tensor

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the consequences of timelike and spacelike matter inheritance vectors in specific forms of energy-momentum tensor, i.e., for string cosmology (string cloud and string fluid) and perfect fluid. Necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for a spacetime with string cosmology and perfect fluid to admit a timelike matter inheritance vector, parallel to $u^a$ and spacelike matter inheritance vector, parallel to $x^a$. We compare the outcome with the conditions of conformal Killing vectors. This comparison provides us the conditions for the existence of matter inheritance vector when it is also a conformal Killing vector. Finally, we discuss these results for the existence of matter inheritance vector in the special cases of the above mentioned spacetimes.Comment: 27 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. of Mod. Phys.

Nanocarbons from acid pretreated waste coffee grounds using microwave radiation

This study investigates the use of microwave radiation to produce nanocarbons from Waste Coffee Grounds (WCG). It is first step to demonstrate the potential of integrating the microwave power to conventional methods of carbonaceous materials and nanocarbons production, aiming to overcome their high production cost. The process parameters and interactions investigated were: microwave radiation power (W), temperature (°C) and residence time (min). Results obtained from the lab-scale experiments indicated the optimum conditions for maximizing the nanocarbons yield (wt%) from the H₂SO₄ acid pretreated WCG at 200 °C, 850 for 60 min resulting in a 87.6 wt% char yield which ranged between the average size of 100–140 nm and lower. Moreover, the optimum conditions to achieve the maximum yield of nanocarbons (wt%) where: same temperature (200 °C), lower microwave power (650 W) and residence time (45 min). Then a yield of 60 wt% nanocarbons of average sizes 60 nm were produced, indicating the potential of this method to produce value-added biomaterials (spherical shaped nanocarbons) applicable for future scientific breakthroughs

Kinematic Self-Similar Plane Symmetric Solutions

This paper is devoted to classify the most general plane symmetric spacetimes according to kinematic self-similar perfect fluid and dust solutions. We provide a classification of the kinematic self-similarity of the first, second, zeroth and infinite kinds with different equations of state, where the self-similar vector is not only tilted but also orthogonal and parallel to the fluid flow. This scheme of classification yields twenty four plane symmetric kinematic self-similar solutions. Some of these solutions turn out to be vacuum. These solutions can be matched with the already classified plane symmetric solutions under particular coordinate transformations. As a result, these reduce to sixteen independent plane symmetric kinematic self-similar solutions.Comment: 29 pages, accepted for publication in Classical Quantum Gravit